ื”ืขื“ืคืชื›ื ืขื•ื“ื›ื ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ื–ื”. ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืœืฆืžื™ืชื•ืช, ืขื‘ืจื• ืืœ
ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื›ื, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขื“ื›ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื• ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืžื•ืขื“ืคื•ืช ืขืœื™ื›ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืช ื‘
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื”

ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื ื”ื™ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื”. ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืื ื• ืžื–ื“ืงื ื™ื, ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืขืฆื ืขื•ืœื”. ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืขืฆื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืกืฃ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืžื—ืœื” ื‘ืฉื ืื•ืกื˜ืื•ืคื•ืจื•ื–ื™ืก. ื‘ืื•ืกื˜ืื•ืคื•ืจื•ื–ื™ืก ื”ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื—ืœืฉื•ืช ืฉืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืจื’ื™ืœื•ืช ืื• ื—ื‘ืœื•ืช ืงืœื•ืช ืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืฉื‘ืจื™ื. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื™ืจืš ืฉืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื›ื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื.

ืœืคื™ ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช, ื”ืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืกื˜ืื•ืคื•ืจื•ื–ื™ืก ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ื 18.3%. ื›ืš, ืืฆืœ ื›ืžืขื˜ 1 ืžื›ืœ 5 ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื—ืœืฉื•ืช ืฉื”ืŸ ื ื•ื˜ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืฉื‘ืจ. ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ื›ื™ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1990 ื ืจืฉืžื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื 1.66 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืจ ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื™ืจืš. ืœืคื™ ื”ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช, ืขื“ ืฉื ืช 2050 ื™ืชืจื—ืฉื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” 6.26 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืจ ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื™ืจืš. ื›-90% ืžื”ืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ืืฆืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืขืœ ื’ื™ืœ 50, ื›ืืฉืจ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคืฆื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื ื’ืจืžื•ืช ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื ืคื™ืœื” ืžืขืžื™ื“ื”. ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื”. ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืœืฉื‘ืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื.

ื‘ื›ืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืœืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช, ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ื–ื ื™ื— ืืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื. ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืžืกืคืจ ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉื”ื“ื’ื™ืžื• ืชื•ืขืœืช ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื, ืžืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื, ื‘ื”ื ืกื™ื“ืŸืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ืืืฉืœื’ืŸ ื•ืื‘ืฅ ื•ืขื“ ื”ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ื ื™ื {LRM}D3  ื•-{LRM}K2 ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืชื•ืกืคื™ื, ื›ืœ ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืœื”ืขืœืืช ื”ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ื’ื ืชืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืขื ื ืฉื™ืืช ืžืฉืงืœ.

ืกื™ื“ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ D

ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื, ืกื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื“ืขืชื โ€” ื•ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื›ืš. ืกื™ื“ืŸ ื•ื–ืจื—ืŸ ื”ื ื”ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื, ืฉืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ 80% ืœ-90% ืžื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืžื•ืฆืง ืฉืœ ืจืงืžืช ื”ืขืฆื ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”. ื”ื”ืžืœืฆื” ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื ื”ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ืกื™ื“ืŸ ืžืกืคืงืช.

ื’ื ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืขืœ ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ {LRM}D ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื ื”ืŸ ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ืœืžื“ื™. ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ D ืœืกื™ื“ืŸ, ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืกืคื™ื’ืช ืกื™ื“ืŸ ืžืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื›ืžื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืกื™ื“ืŸ ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ื–ืžื™ื ื” ืœืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.

ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื” ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื™ื“ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ D ื‘ืžื ื™ืขืช ืื•ืกื˜ืื•ืคื•ืจื•ื–ื™ืก ื•ืฉื‘ืจื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืžื—ืงืจื™ ืžื˜ื-ืื ืœื™ื–ื” ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ืช ืกื™ื“ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ D ืžืคื—ื™ืชื” ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื‘ืจ ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื™ืจืš ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื. ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื”ืฆื“ืงื” ืœื ื˜ื™ืœืช ืชื•ืกืคื™ื ืœืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื, ื’ื ืื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืื–ื”ืจื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืกื™ื“ืŸ.

ืืžื ื ื”ื•ื“ื’ื ืฉืกื™ื“ืŸ ืžื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื, ืื‘ืœ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืžืฆืื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื˜ื™ืœืช ืชื•ืกืคื™ ืกื™ื“ืŸ ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช ืœื‘. ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื ืจืื” ืฉืกื™ื“ืŸ ืžืžื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ืš, ื•ืื™ืœื• ืชื•ืกืคื™ ืกื™ื“ืŸ ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช ืœื‘ ื•ืœื”ืชืงืฃ ืœื‘. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื ืจืื” ืฉื ื˜ื™ืœืช ืกื™ื“ืŸ ืœืฆื“ ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ D ืžืฆืžืฆืžืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”. ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื•ื˜ืœื™ื ืชื•ืกืคื™ ืกื™ื“ืŸ, ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ D ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช ืœื‘ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื ื˜ื™ืœืช ืชื•ืกืคื™ ืกื™ื“ืŸ ืœื‘ื“ื.

ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื

ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืกื™ื“ืŸ ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœืžื™ืจื‘ ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื, ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื. ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื“ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืคืขื•ืœ ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ D. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2009 ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ืžืฆื ื“ื™ ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœ ืงืฉืจ ืกื™ื‘ืชื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื ืœืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื.

ืจืžื•ืช ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื ื ืงืฉืจื• ืœืื•ืกื˜ืื•ืคื•ืจื•ื–ื™ืก, ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ื’ื™ืœื• ืจืžืช ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื ื ืžื•ื›ื” ืืฆืœ 30-40% ืžื”ื ื‘ื“ืงื™ื ืขื ืื•ืกื˜ืื•ืคื•ืจื•ื–ื™ืก. ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืขืฆื ืฉื›ื™ื— ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื, ื•ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื ืœืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื”ื™ื ืชื•ืคืขื” ืฉื›ื™ื—ื”. ื”ื ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืžืขื•ืจืจืช ื“ืื’ื”: ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื ืงืฉืจืช ื’ื ืœืกื•ื›ืจืช, ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืœื‘, ืฉื‘ืฅ ื•ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื›ืจื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื•ืœื ืจืง ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืขืฆื ืœืงื•ื™ื”.

ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื•ืกืคื™ ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื, ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืชื•ืขืœืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™, ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื ืชื•ืจื ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื”ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆื, ืžืคื—ื™ืช ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืžื’ืŸ ืžืคื ื™ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.

ืืฉืœื’ืŸ

ืžื™ื ืจืœ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืื•ืชื• ืฉื•ื›ื—ื™ื ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืืฉืœื’ืŸ. ืืฉืœื’ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืกื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื ืคื•ืฅ ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื“ื, ืืฉืœื’ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื ืคื•ืฅ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™. ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืชืื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ืžืชืคืงื“ ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื’ืจื“ื™ืื ื˜ ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชืื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ืชืื™ ื”ืขืฆื‘ ื•ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืชืื™ ื”ืžื•ื—.

ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ืืฉืœื’ืŸ ื”ื•ืœืžืช ื ืงืฉืจืช ืœืœื—ืฆื™ ื“ื ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื–ื”, ื‘ืชื•ืจื•, ืžืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช ืœื‘ ื•ืœืฉื‘ืฅ. ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจื•ืช ื’ื ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืคืขื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืฉืœื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื. ืืžื ื ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉื ื•ื™ื” ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช, ืื‘ืœ ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจื•ืช ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ืฉืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืืฉืœื’ืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช (ืืœืงืœื™ื ื™ื•ืช) ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืฆืžืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืกื™ื“ืŸ. ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืฉืœื’ืŸ ื”ืœืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืฉืžืฉ ืœืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืžืฆื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืกื™ื“ืŸ, ืžื” ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืกื™ื“ืŸ. ืžื˜ื-ืื ืœื™ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืื™ืฉืจื” ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ื–ื• ื•ื”ื“ื’ื™ืžื” ื›ื™ ื ื˜ื™ืœืช ืชื•ืกืฃ ืขื ืืฉืœื’ืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืจืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืฆื” ื•ื‘ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื”ืกื™ื“ืŸ.

ื’ื ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื™ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืชืŸ ืชื•ืกืคื™ ืืฉืœื’ืŸ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืขืฆื ื”ื“ื’ื™ืžื• ืชื•ืขืœืช. ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ืืฉืœื’ืŸ ืžื•ื ืข ื”ืžืฉืš ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืขืฆื, ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื•ื˜ืœื™ื ืชื•ืกืคื™ ืืฉืœื’ืŸ ื›ืจืื•ื™.

ืื‘ืฅ

ืžื™ื ืจืœ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื’ื ืื•ืชื• ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœืฉื›ื•ื— ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื ื”ื•ื ืื‘ืฅ, ืœื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘. ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืžื™ื ืจืœ, ืื‘ืฅ ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืกื•ืช ื’ื“ื™ืœื” ื•ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื•ืช. ืœืžืกืคืจ ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื‘ืฅ ื™ืฉ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื‘ื”ื’ื‘ืจื” ืื• ืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื’ื ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ื”ื ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉื”ื ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื. ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ืื‘ืฅ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื’ื•ืจื ืœื’ึผึทืžึผึธื“ื•ึผืช, ืื•ืชื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืกื™ื’ ืœืื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื ื˜ื™ืœืช ืชื•ืกืฃ ืื‘ืฅ.

ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื“ื’ื ืฉืจืžื•ืช ื”ืื‘ืฅ ื‘ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืื•ืกื˜ืื•ืคื•ืจื•ื–ื™ืก ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ืขืฆื ืชืงื™ื ื”. ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืชืื™ื ื”ืจืื• ืฉืื‘ืฅ ืžืขื•ื“ื“ ืื•ืกื˜ืื•ื‘ืœืกื˜ื™ื, ืชืื™ ื”ืขืฆื ื”ืื—ืจืื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืจืงืžืช ืขืฆื ื—ื“ืฉื”. ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื’ื ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืื‘ืฅ ืžื“ื›ื ืื•ืกื˜ืื•ืงืœืกื˜ื™ื, ืชืื™ ื”ืขืฆื ืฉืžืคืจืงื™ื ืจืงืžืช ืขืฆื. ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืชืื™ื ืืœื” ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื‘ืื•ืกื˜ืื•ืคื•ืจื•ื–ื™ืก.

ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ K

ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ {LRM}K ื–ื•ื”ื” ื›ื’ื•ืจื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืงืจื™ืฉืช ื“ื ืชืงื™ื ื”. ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืงืจื™ืฉื”" ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืื•ืช K. ืจืง ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ืชื’ืœื• ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ K. ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ K ื”ื•ื ืกื™ื•ืข ื‘ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืกื™ื“ืŸ ืœืขืฆืžื•ืช, ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆื.

ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืื‘ืฅ, ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ K ืžืขื•ื“ื“ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขืฆื ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืื•ืกื˜ืื•ื‘ืœืกื˜ื™ื ื•ืžืฆืžืฆื ืคื™ืจื•ืง ืขืฆื ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืื•ืกื˜ืื•ืงืœืกื˜ื™ื. ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ K ื”ื ื“ืจืฉืช ืœืงืจื™ืฉืช ื“ื ืชืงื™ื ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืžื•ื›ื” ืžื–ื• ื”ื ื“ืจืฉืช ืœืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื.

ืจืžื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ K ื‘ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจืžืช ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื ืงืฉืจื•ืช ืœืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉื‘ืจื™ื. ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ K ื ืงืฉืจืช ืœืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื ืžื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื•ืช.

ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ K ื›ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžื–ื™ืŸ, ื›ืืฉืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ K2 ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืชื•ืขืœืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื. ืžื˜ื-ืื ืœื™ื–ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื ืฉื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื—ื™ื“ืœื•ืŸ ื•ืกืช ื’ื™ืœืชื” ื›ื™ ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ {LRM}K2 ืžืฉืคืจ ืืช ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื ื•ืžืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื•ืช. ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืžืกืงื ื” ืฉื•ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ {LRM}K2 ืžื—ื–ืง ืืช ื”ืขืฆืžื•ืช.

ืฆื•ืจืŸ

ืืžื ื ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืชืขืœืžื™ื ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื• ื›ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžื–ื™ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ืฆื•ืจืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื ืจืœ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™, ื•ื’ื ืœื• ื™ืฉ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื. ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื ืขืจื›ื• ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-1970 ื•ื”-1980 ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืขื• ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช. ื›ืš, ื‘ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœื•ืช ืขื ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืฆื•ืจืŸ ื ืžืฆืื” ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ืงื•ืœื’ืŸ ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขืฆื, ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืขืฆื ื”ืœื ืชืงื™ื ื™ื ื”ื•ื“ื’ืžื” ื’ื ื“ืจื’ื” ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื“ื•ืช.

ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฆื•ืจืŸ ืžืฉืžืฉ ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืจืงืžืช ืขืฆื, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื• ืžืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืฆื, ื‘ืขื•ืจ, ื‘ืฉื™ืขืจ, ื‘ืขื•ืจืงื™ื ื•ื‘ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื™ื. ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ืฆื•ืจืŸ ืžืขื•ื“ื“ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืจืงืžืช ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืžืขื•ื“ื“ ืื•ืกื˜ืื•ื‘ืœืกื˜ื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืขืฆื. ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืกื™ื“ืŸ ื‘ืขืฆื. ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžืชืŸ ืชื•ืกืคื™ ืฆื•ืจืŸ ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื“ื’ื™ืžื• ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ื—ื•ื–ืง ื”ืขืฆื. ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืขื›ื‘ืจื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ืฉื•ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื–ื•ื ื” ืชืงื™ื ื” ืœืชื–ื•ื ื” ืขื ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืฆื•ืจืŸ ื”ื“ื’ื™ืžื• ื›ื™ ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืจืŸ ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืœืขืœื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ 30% ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืขืฆื.

ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื”ืจืื• ื›ื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-40 ืž"ื’ ืฆื•ืจืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื‘ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื ืงืฉืจืช ืœืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ืขืฆื ื”ื™ืจืš ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืชื–ื•ื ื” ืขื ืคื—ื•ืช ืž-14 ืž"ื’ ืฆื•ืจืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ื. ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืงืœื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื“ื’ื™ืžื• ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื•ืกื˜ืื•ืคื•ืจื•ื–ื™ืก ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืชื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ืฆื•ืจืŸ ืœื”ื–ืจืงื”, ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื ืชืจืžื• ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื. ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืขื ื ื˜ื™ืœื” ืคื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืจืŸ ื”ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืจืŸ, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืž-40 ืž"ื’ ื‘ื™ื•ื, ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืื™ื ืŸ ืžืกืคื™ืงื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืงืœื™ื ื™ืช.

ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืจืŸ, ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ื”ืฆืžื— ืฉื‘ื˜ื‘ื˜ ืžื›ื™ืœ ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืฆื” ืื•ึนืจืชื•ึน-ืกื™ืœื™ืฆื™ืช. ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื ืฉื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื—ื™ื“ืœื•ืŸ ื•ืกืช ืžืฆื ื›ื™ ื ื˜ื™ืœืช ืชืžืฆื™ืช ืฉื‘ื˜ื‘ื˜ ืœืฆื“ ืกื™ื“ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื›-2.3% ื‘ืžืกืช ื”ืขืฆื ื‘ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช.

ื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื”

ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืœืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืื ื• ืžื–ื“ืงื ื™ื. ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื”ื•ืœืžืช ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืชื›ื ื™ืช "ืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช" ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆื ืื• ืœืฉืคืจ ืื•ืชื”. ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื, ื‘ื”ื, ืกื™ื“ืŸ,, ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื,, ืืฉืœื’ืŸ,, ืื‘ืฅื•ืฆื•ืจืŸ, ืžืžืœืื™ื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ื”ืขืฆื. ื’ื ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ {LRM}D ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ {LRM}K ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš. ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ืืกืคืงื” ื”ื•ืœืžืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืขื ืชืจื’ื™ืœื™ ื ืฉื™ืืช ืžืฉืงืœ, ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื–ื“ืงื ื™ื, ืžื” ืฉืชื•ืจื ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืžื•ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ืจื ืขืช.

ื”ืคื ื™ื•ืช:

  1. Carlisle EM. Silicon: a requirement in bone formation independent of vitamin D1. Calcif Tissue Int. 1981;33(1):27-34. doi:10.1007/BF02409409
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