ื”ืขื“ืคืชื›ื ืขื•ื“ื›ื ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ื–ื”. ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืœืฆืžื™ืชื•ืช, ืขื‘ืจื• ืืœ
ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื›ื, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขื“ื›ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื• ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืžื•ืขื“ืคื•ืช ืขืœื™ื›ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืช ื‘
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ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื™. ืื ื™ ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืžืœื™ืฅ ืขืœื™ื• ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืฉืœื™ ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื, ืžื™ื’ืจื ื•ืช, ื›ืื‘ ืจืืฉ ืžืชื—ื™, ื“ืคื™ืงื•ืช ืœื‘ ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช, ืฉืœืคื•ื—ื™ืช ืจื’ื™ื–ื” ื•ืขื•ื“. ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื ืฉื›ื™ื— ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื "ืœ. ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืชื•ืกืคื™ ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืžื“ื•ืจื’ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ 10 ื”ืชื•ืกืคื™ื ื”ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื.  

ื‘-20 ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ื›ืจื•ืคื, ืจืื™ืชื™ ืฉืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื ืขื–ืจ ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืฉืœื™ ืžื›ืœ ืชื•ืกืฃ ืชื–ื•ื ื” ืื—ืจ ืฉืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืง. ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืขืœืช ืฉืœื• ืžื”ื™ืจื”, ื•ืืฆืœ ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.

ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ:

  • ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืจื™ืจื™ ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื 
  • ืขื•ื•ื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื•ื—ืจื™ืงืช ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื
  • ื“ืคื™ืงื•ืช ืœื‘ ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืœื‘
  • ื—ืจื“ื” ื•ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ
  • ืœื—ืฅ ื“ื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจ
  • ืžื™ื’ืจื ื•ืช ื•ื›ืื‘ ืจืืฉ ืžืชื—ื™
  • ืขื•ื•ื™ืชื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืจื™ืจ ืฉืœืคื•ื—ื™ืช ื”ืฉืชืŸ ื•ืฉืœืคื•ื—ื™ืช ืจื’ื™ื–ื” (ืฉืจื™ืจ ื”ืฉืœืคื•ื—ื™ืช ื”ื•ื ืฉืจื™ืจ ื—ืœืง)
  • ืขืฆื™ืจื•ืช
  • ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืœืงื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืกื•ื›ืจ ื‘ื“ื

ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื–ืงื•ืง ืœืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื?

ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-350 ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื“ื. ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืžื›ื™ืœ ื›-25 ื’ืจื (ื‘ืขืจืš 6 ื›ืคื™ื•ืช) ืฉืœ ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื ืฉืžืคื•ื–ืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ. ืื—ื•ื– ืื—ื“ ืžืื•ืชื• ื”ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื“ื ื•ื‘ืชืื™ ื”ื“ื ื”ืื“ื•ืžื™ื, ื•ืื™ืœื• 99% ื”ื ื•ืชืจื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื•ื‘ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื, ืฉื ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืœืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื–ืงื•ืง ืœืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื“ื "ื ื•ืจื "ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ. ืœืœื ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื ืœื ื™ืชืืคืฉืจื• ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื•ืช ื•ื”ืจืคื™ื™ืช ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืจื™ืจ ื”ืœื‘ ืฉื‘ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ื”ืœื‘ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื›-100,000 ืคืขื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื. ื’ื ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื ื•ืชืื™ ื”ืขืฆื‘ ืฉืœื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื™ืขื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืื™ื. 

ืจืžื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื ื‘ื“ื ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื. ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ื›ื™ ืขื“ 75% ืžืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื ื”ื ื“ืจืฉืช ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืžื™ื˜ื‘ื™ืช.

ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ืœืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืžืกืคืงืช ืฉืœ ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืขืชื™ืจื™ ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื, ื›ืžื• ื™ืจืงื•ืช ืขืœื™ื ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื. ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชื–ื•ื ื” ืื™ื ื” ืžืกืคื™ืงื”, ื•ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืชื•ืกืฃ ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื. 

ื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืชืจื•ื ืœื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื?

ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื, ื‘ื”ืŸ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืœื”ืคื—ืชืช ื—ื•ืžืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื‘ื” (ื›ืžื• ืื•ืžืคืจื–ื•ืœ, ืคื ื˜ื•ืคืจื–ื•ืœ, ืจื ื™ื˜ื™ื“ื™ืŸ, ืคืžื•ื˜ื™ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื›ื“') ื•ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ื ืžืฉืชื ื™ื (ื›ืžื• ืคื•ืจื•ืกืžื™ื“, ื˜ืจื™ืืžื˜ืจืŸ, ื”ื™ื“ืจื•-ื›ืœื•ืจื•-ืชื™ืื–ื™ื“, ื›ืœื•ืจืชืืœื™ื“ื•ืŸ). ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-100 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื ื•ื˜ืœื™ื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืœื”ืคื—ืชืช ื—ื•ืžืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื‘ื”, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-200 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื•ื˜ืœื™ื ืžืฉืชื ื™ื, ืฉื›ืŸ ืืœื” ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื–ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืชืจ ืœื—ืฅ ื“ื. ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื•ื˜ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืžื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื. 

ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ืœืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื

  • ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืกืคืงืช (ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื ืžื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืจืงื•ืช ืขืœื™ื ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื)
  • ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืœื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ (ืžืขืงืฃ ืงื™ื‘ื”, ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืจื•ื•ืœ ื•ื›ื“')
  • ืชืกืžื•ื ืช ืชืช-ืกืคื™ื’ื”
  • ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืžืขื™
  • ืกื˜ืจืก ื›ืจื•ื ื™ (ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉื•ืจืฃ ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืชื—ืช ืœื—ืฅ ืžื•ืคืจื–)
  • ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืฉืœ ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื

ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื

ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื ืžื”ืชื–ื•ื ื”. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื–ื›ืจ, ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชื–ื•ื ื” ืื™ื ื” ืžืกืคื™ืงื”, ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื•ืžืื•ื–ื ืช. 

ืžื”ื ื”ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ืฉื›ื™ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื?

1. ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ืฉืจื™ืจื™ ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื

ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืจื™ืจื™ ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื, ื”ืŸ ืื—ื“ ื”ืชืจื—ื™ืฉื™ื ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ื ืื ื™ ืžืžืœื™ืฅ ืขืœ ืชื•ืกืฃ ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื. ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืืœื™ื™ ืขื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื” ื ื•ื˜ืœื™ื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ื•ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืœื”ืคื—ืชืช ื—ื•ืžืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื‘ื”, ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœืื–ื™ืœืช ืžืื’ืจื™ ื”ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ. 

ืžืกืคืจ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ืžื” ืฉืจืื™ืชื™ ื‘ืžื• ืขื™ื ื™ื™ ื‘ืžืจืคืื” ืฉืœื™. ื›ืš, ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืืงืจืื™, ื›ืคื•ืœ-ืกืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื‘ื•ืงืจ ืคืœืฆื‘ื• ืฉื ืขืจืš ื‘ืฉื ืช 2021 ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื›ื™ ืชื•ืกืคื™ ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืจื™ืจื™ ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื. ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืฉื ืช 2002 ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืกืงื ื” ื›ื™ ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืจื™ืจื™ ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืžื—ืงืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื ืช 2008 ื‘ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืจื™ืจื™ ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ืœื ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื ื˜ื™ืœืช ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื. ืœื ื ืฆืคื• ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช. 

ืื ื™ ืžืžืœื™ืฅ ืขืœ ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืจื™ืจื™ ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ื–ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ 20 ืฉื ื”. ืืฆืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืชื•ืขืœืช. ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื’ื ืจืžื•ืช ืืฉืœื’ืŸ ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื™ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ื›ืจื•ื ื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืจื™ืจื™ ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื, ื›ืš ืฉืื ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื ืœื ืขื–ืจ ืœื›ื, ืฉืงืœื• ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื•ื’ื ื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฆื• ืขืœ ื›ืš ืขื ื”ืจื•ืคื ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ืฉืœื›ื.

2. ืขื•ื•ื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื•ื—ืจื™ืงืช ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื

ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืžืชื™ ืœื‘ ื›ื™ ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื ืฉื›ื™ื— ื’ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืžื™ ืฉืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืขื•ื•ื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ืขืคืขืคื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืฉืจื™ืจื™ ื”ืœื—ื™ื™ื. ืืžื ื ืœื ืžืฆืืชื™ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื ืจืื•ืช ืžืขื•ื“ื“ื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1990 ืคื•ืจืกื ืžืืžืจ ืขื ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืฉื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื• ื‘ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืชืŸ ื”ื—ื–ืจ ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืขื ื—ืจื™ืงืช ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืœื”. ื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ืš ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ, ื›ื™ ืกื˜ืจืก ื•ืžืชื— ื”ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ืœื—ืจื™ืงืช ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื.

3. ื“ืคื™ืงื•ืช ืœื‘ ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืœื‘

ืืžื ื ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื“ืคื™ืงื•ืช ืœื‘ ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืœื‘, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉื›ื™ื—ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื. ืื ืืชื ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžื“ืคื™ืงื•ืช ืœื‘ ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช, ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฅ ืขื ื”ืจื•ืคื ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื›ื ืžื—ืœื” ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช.

ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืฉื ืช 2019 ื”ืจืื” ื›ื™ ืžืชืŸ ืชื•ืš-ื•ืจื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืขื ืคืจืคื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื•ืช, ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืขืช ืงืฆื‘ ืขื ืงืฆื‘ ืœื‘ ืœื ืกื“ื™ืจ ืฉืžื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื‘ืฅ, ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืฉืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื. ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ื“ื’ื™ืžื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืกื™ื ืจื’ื˜ื™ืช ืขื ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื ื™ืชื ื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืœื™ ืœื‘.

ื’ื ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืฉื ืช 2005 ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื ืชื•ืขืœืช ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืœื‘ ื•ื”ื“ื•ืคืง ื‘ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืขื ืคืจืคื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืฆื ื™ื—ืช ื”ืžืกืชื ื”ื ืฆื™ืคื™ (MVP), ื“ืœืฃ ื‘ืžืกืชื ื”ืฆื ื™ืคื™ ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืกื—ืจื—ื•ืจืช, ื“ืคื™ืงื•ืช ืœื‘ ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช, ืงื•ืฆืจ ื ืฉื™ืžื” ื•ืขื™ื™ืคื•ืช. ืœืคื™ ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืฉื ืช 1986, ืžืชืŸ ืชื•ืกืฃ ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืขื MVP. ืžื—ืงืจ ืื—ืจ ืžืฉื ืช 2005 ื”ืจืื” ืฉืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื•ืขื™ืœ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืขื MVP.

4. ื—ืจื“ื” ื•ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ

ืœืคื™ ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืฉื ืช 2016, ื”ื•ืกืคืช ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื ืœืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื˜ืœื• ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืชื•ืขืœืช. ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืื—ืจืื™ ืœื›ืš ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื”ืฉืคืขืชื• ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื ืขืœ ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืžืขื™. ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืฉื ืช 2015 ื”ืขืœื• ืกื‘ืจื” ืœืคื™ื” ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื“ืœืช ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืœืจืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ืจ ืžืขื™-ืžื•ื—. 

ื’ื ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืฉื ืช 2015 ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจืžื•ืช ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ืœื—ืจื“ื”. ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื–ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืžื“ื•ืข ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชืงืคื™ ื—ืจื“ื” ืžืœื•ื•ื™ื ื’ื ื‘ื“ืคื™ืงื•ืช ืœื‘ ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื.

ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช ืกื“ื™ืจื”, ื’ื ืชื–ื•ื ื” ืžื™ื˜ื‘ื™ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉื™ืช ื•ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช, ื•ื›ื“ืื™ ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ื’ื ื ื˜ื™ืœืช ืชื•ืกืฃ ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื.

5. ืœื—ืฅ ื“ื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจ

ืœื—ืฅ ื“ื ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื”ื™ื ืชื•ืคืขื” ืฉื›ื™ื—ื” ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื–ื“ืงื ื™ื, ื•ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื™ืชืจ ืœื—ืฅ ื“ื. ืจืžื•ืช ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžื™ืชืจ ืœื—ืฅ ื“ื. ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืขืชื™ืจื™ ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื ื•ืชื•ืกืคื™ ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื•ืขื™ืœ.

ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื-ืื ืœื™ื–ื” ืžืฉื ืช 2016 ื”ื“ื’ื™ืžื• "...ืงืฉืจ ืกื™ื‘ืชื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื˜ื™ืœืช ืชื•ืกืคื™ ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื ืœื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืœื—ืฅ ื”ื“ื ืืฆืœ ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื." ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื•ืžื”, ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืฉื ืช 2021 ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืกืงื ื” ื›ื™ "ื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื”ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ืช ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช ืฉืœ ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื ื ืžื•ื›ื” ืžื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื”ืžื•ืžืœืฆืช, ื•ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืฆื“ืงื” ืœื ื˜ื™ืœืช ืชื•ืกืคื™ ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžื ื™ืขืช ื™ืชืจ ืœื—ืฅ ื“ื ื•ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื•." 

ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ื ื˜ื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืชืจ ืœื—ืฅ ื“ื ืœืœื ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืช ื”ืจื•ืคื ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ. ื”ื™ื• ืœื™ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื ืœืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœื”ื ื•ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืœื—ืฅ ื”ื“ื.

6. ืžื™ื’ืจื ื•ืช

ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื™ื’ืจื ื•ืช ื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœื›ืื‘ ืจืืฉ ืงืฉื” ื•ืคื•ืขื ืฉืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื‘ื—ื™ืœื” ื•ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœืขื•ืจ. ื›ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืžื™ื’ืจื ื•ืช. ืœืคื™ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื, ืื—ื“ ืžื›ืœ ืฉื‘ืขื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืกื•ื‘ืœ ืžืžื™ื’ืจื ื” ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื, ื›ืžืขื˜ ืื—ืช ืžื›ืœ ื—ืžืฉ ื ืฉื™ื ื•ืื—ื“ ืžื›ืœ 15 ื’ื‘ืจื™ื. ื”ืขืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืžื™ื’ืจื ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ื”ื™ื ื›-78 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืฉื ื”. 

ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขืฉื•ืจ ืื ื™ ืžืžืœื™ืฅ ืขืœ ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืžื™ื’ืจื ื•ืช. ืœืคื™ ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™, ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžื™ื’ืจื ื•ืช ืืฆืœ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžื›ืœ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื. ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ ืฉืœื™. 

ื›ืš, ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืฉื ืช 2017 ืฉืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืขืช The Journal of Head and Face Pain ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืกืงื ื” ื›ื™ ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ืžื ื™ืขืช ื›ืื‘ื™ ืจืืฉ. ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื“ื’ื™ืžื• ืžืžืฆืื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืชื•ืกืคื™ ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื ื›ื ืจืื” ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ื’ื ืœื ืฉื™ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ืžืžื™ื’ืจื ื•ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืกืช. ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ืฉืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ื ื’ื“ ืžื™ื’ืจื ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ืชืคืงื•ื“ ื”ืžื™ื˜ื•ื›ื•ื ื“ืจื™ื” ื•ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”. 

7. ืขื•ื•ื™ืชื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืจื™ืจ ืฉืœืคื•ื—ื™ืช ื”ืฉืชืŸ

ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืขื•ื•ื™ืชื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืจื™ืจ ืฉืœืคื•ื—ื™ืช ื”ืฉืชืŸ ืื• ืฉืœืคื•ื—ื™ืช ืจื’ื™ื–ื”. ื‘ืคืจื˜, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื™ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช ืฉืกื™ืคืจื” ืœื™ ืฉืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื ืขื–ืจ ืœื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชืจื•ืคืช ื”ืžืจืฉื ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื˜ืœื”. ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš, ื”ืคืกืงืชื™ ืืช ืžืชืŸ ืชืจื•ืคืช ื”ืžืจืฉื. 

ืฉืœืคื•ื—ื™ืช ื”ืฉืชืŸ ืžื›ื™ืœื” ืฉืจื™ืจ ื—ืœืง. ื›ืžื•ืช ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื‘ืฉืจื™ืจ ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื•ืชื•, ืžื” ืฉืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื“ื—ืฃ ืœืชืช ืฉืชืŸ ื‘ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืฉื ืช 2020 ื”ืจืื” ื›ื™ ืžืชืŸ ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื ืžืฆืžืฆื ื‘ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœืขื•ื•ื™ืชื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืจื™ืจ ืฉืœืคื•ื—ื™ืช ื”ืฉืชืŸ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืกืจืช ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืฉืœืคื•ื—ื™ืช, ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืฉืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื. 

ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืœืžื™ื ื•ื ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื

ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื

ืชืฆื‘ื™ืช ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื

ืชื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ื ืกืคื’ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื ืฉืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืžื˜ื‘ื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืกืคื™ื’ื”. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืชืฆื‘ื™ืช: ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื ืฆื™ื˜ืจื˜, ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื L-ืชืจื™ืื•ื ื˜, ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื ื‘ื™ืก-ื’ืœื™ืฆื™ื ื˜, ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื ื˜ืื•ืจื˜, ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื ืžืœืื˜, ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื ืคื•ืžืจืื˜ ื•ืขื•ื“. 

ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื•ื˜ืœื™ื ื”ื—ืœ ืž-100 ืž"ื’ ื•ืขื“ 500 ืž"ื’. ื ื˜ื™ืœืช ืžื™ื ื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžื“ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžืฉืœืฉืœืช. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืื‘ืงื”, ื›ืžื•ืกื•ืช ืื• ื˜ื‘ืœื™ื•ืช. ืื ื™ ื ื•ื”ื’ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื›ืฃ ืžื“ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืื‘ืงืช ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื ืฆื™ื˜ืจื˜ ืœื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืจื‘-ืคืขืžื™ ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข. 

ืชื—ืžื•ืฆืช ื”ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื

ื’ื ืชื—ืžื•ืฆืช ื”ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ื•ื–ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืคื—ื•ืช ื™ืงืจื” ืžืชื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืชืฆื‘ื™ืช. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืกืคื™ื’ื” ืฉืœ ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ืช ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื ื–ื• ื ืžื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš, ื”ื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžืฉืœืฉืœืช, ืื ื ื•ื˜ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž"ื”ืžื™ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืžืœืฅ" ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ื•ื™ืช. ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืชื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื—ืžื•ืฆืช ื”ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ 250 ืž"ื’, 400 ืž"ื’ ืื• 500 ืž"ื’. 

ื”ืคื ื™ื•ืช:

  1. Mineral and Electrolyte Metabolism. 1993;19(4-5):314-22. Low magnesium is associated with glucose abnormalities
  2. Wacker WE, Parisi AF N Engl J Med. 1968 Mar 21; 278(12):658-63. (Average human has 25 grams of magnesium in their body)
  3. DiNicolantonio JJ, O'Keefe JH, Wilson W. Subclinical magnesium deficiency: a principal driver of cardiovascular disease and a public health crisis [published correction appears in Open Heart. 2018 Apr 5;5(1):e000668corr1]. Open Heart. 2018;5(1):e000668. Published 2018 Jan 13. 
  4. Lima Mde L, Pousada J, Barbosa C, Cruz T Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol. 2005 Dec; 49(6):959-63 [Magnesium deficiency and insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus]. Up to 75% of people are deficient
  5. Barna O, Lohoida P, Holovchenko Y, Bazylevych A, Velychko V, Hovbakh I, Bula L, Shechter M. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study assessing the efficacy of magnesium oxide monohydrate in the treatment of nocturnal leg cramps. Nutr J. 2021 Oct 31;20(1):90. 
  6. Roffe C, Sills S, Crome P, Jones P. Randomised, cross-over, placebo controlled trial of magnesium citrate in the treatment of chronic persistent leg cramps. Med Sci Monit. 2002 May;8(5):CR326-30. 
  7. Nygaard IH, Valbรธ A, Pethick SV, Bรธhmer T. Does oral magnesium substitution relieve pregnancy-induced leg cramps? Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2008 Nov;141(1):23-6. 
  8. Ploceniak C. Bruxisme et magnรฉsium, mon expรฉrience clinique depuis 1980 [Bruxism and magnesium, my clinical experiences since 1980]. Rev Stomatol Chir Maxillofac. 1990;91 Suppl 1:127. French. 
  9. Bouida W, Beltaief K, Msolli MA, Azaiez N, et. Al, Low-dose Magnesium Sulfate Versus High Dose in the Early Management of Rapid Atrial Fibrillation: Randomized Controlled Double-blind Study (LOMAGHI Study). Acad Emerg Med. 2019 Feb;26(2):183-191. 
  10. Davey MJ, Teubner D. A randomized controlled trial of magnesium sulfate, in addition to usual care, for rate control in atrial fibrillation. Ann Emerg Med. 2005 Apr;45(4):347-53. 
  11. Galland LD, Baker SM, McLellan RK. Magnesium deficiency in the pathogenesis of mitral valve prolapse. Magnesium. 1986;5(3-4):165-74. 
  12. Bobkowski W, Nowak A, Durlach J. The importance of magnesium status in the pathophysiology of mitral valve prolapse. Magnes Res. 2005 Mar;18(1):35-52. 
  13. Serefko A, Szopa A, Poleszak E. Magnesium and depression. Magnes Res. 2016 Mar 1;29(3):112-119. 
  14. Winther G, Pyndt Jรธrgensen BM, Elfving B, Nielsen DS, Kihl P, Lund S, Sรธrensen DB, Wegener G. Dietary magnesium deficiency alters gut microbiota and leads to depressive-like behaviour. Acta Neuropsychiatr. 2015 Jun;27(3):168-76.
  15. Pyndt Jรธrgensen B, Winther G, Kihl P, Nielsen DS, Wegener G, Hansen AK, Sรธrensen DB. Dietary magnesium deficiency affects gut microbiota and anxiety-like behaviour in C57BL/6N mice. Acta Neuropsychiatr. 2015 Oct;27(5):307-11. 
  16. Dominguez L, Veronese N, Barbagallo M. Magnesium and Hypertension in Old Age. Nutrients. 2020 Dec 31;13(1):139. 
  17. Banjanin N, Belojevic G. Relationship of dietary magnesium intake and serum magnesium with hypertension: a review. Magnes Res. 2021 Nov 1;34(4):166-171. 
  18. Peikert A, Wilimzig C, Kรถhne-Volland R. Prophylaxis of migraine with oral magnesium: results from a prospective, multi-center, placebo-controlled and double-blind randomized study. Cephalalgia. 1996 Jun;16(4):257-63. 
  19. Maier JA, Pickering G, Giacomoni E, Cazzaniga A, Pellegrino P. Headaches and Magnesium: Mechanisms, Bioavailability, Therapeutic Efficacy and Potential Advantage of Magnesium Pidolate. Nutrients. 2020 Aug 31;12(9):2660. 
  20. Mauskop A, Altura BT, Altura BM. Serum ionized magnesium levels and serum ionized calcium/ionized magnesium ratios in women with menstrual migraine. Headache. 2002 Apr;42(4):242-8. 
  21. https://pubs.asahq.org/anesthesiology/article/133/1/64/109148/Magnesium-and-Bladder-Discomfort-after

โ€‹ื›ืชื‘ ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ:โ€‹ ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื–ื” ืœื ื ื•ืขื“ ืœืื‘ื—ืŸ,,, โ€‹ื”ืฆื’ ืขื•ื“