ื”ืขื“ืคืชื›ื ืขื•ื“ื›ื ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ื–ื”. ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืœืฆืžื™ืชื•ืช, ืขื‘ืจื• ืืœ
ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื›ื, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขื“ื›ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื• ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืžื•ืขื“ืคื•ืช ืขืœื™ื›ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืช ื‘
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ืชื–ื•ื ื” ืžืื•ื–ื ืช ื•ืžื–ื™ื ื” ืฉืขืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืฉื•ืžื ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ื•ื’ื ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ื ื™ื ื•ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื ื”ื™ื ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื. ื—ื•ืกืจื™ื ื›ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื‘ื•ืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช, ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื›ืจื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš.ย ย 

ื—ื•ืกืจื™ื ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืขื ืขืจืš ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ ื ืžื•ืš, ืื• ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืชืช-ืกืคื™ื’ื” ืฉืœ ืื‘ื•ืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ. ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืจื•ื ืœืžืื‘ืง ื‘ื—ื•ืกืจื™ื ื”ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•, ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-1920 ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœื”ืขืฉื™ืจ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœืžื•ืฆืจื™ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ืžื–ื™ื ื™ ืงื•ืจื˜ (ืื‘ื•ืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืœื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช).1. ื”ื™ื•ื, ื‘ืฉื ืช 2020, 83 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ืขืฉื™ืจ ื—ื™ื˜ื” ื•ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ืชื™ืจืก ื•ืื•ืจื–. ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ืขื“ 60% ืžื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœื ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ื ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ืขืฉืจื™ื.ย ย 

ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืœื”ืขืฉืจืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ:

ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืกืจื™ื ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ื™ื2

ืœื”ืœืŸ ืจืฉื™ืžืช ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื.

1. ื‘ืจื–ืœ

ื—ืกืจย ย ื‘ืจื–ืœย ย ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ื—ื•ืกืจื™ื ื”ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ื™ื ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ 30% ืœ-40% ืžื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืžื ื•3 ื—ืกืจ ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื ื“ื™ืจ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื ื™ื ื‘ื—ืœื‘ ืื, ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ื’ื ื”ืื ืกื•ื‘ืœืช ืžื—ืกืจ ื‘ืจื–ืœ. ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืขืœ ื’ื™ืœ 12 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืฉื•ืชื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-700 ืž"ืœ ื—ืœื‘ ืคืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจ ืœืคืชื— ื—ืกืจ ื‘ืจื–ืœ. ื–ืืช ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื—ืœื‘ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืขื™ื™ื ื•ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื“ื ื›ืจื•ื ื™.

ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ืกืจ ื‘ืจื–ืœ ืขื™ื™ืคื•ืช, ื—ื™ื•ื•ืจื•ืŸ, ื—ืฉืง ืœืงืจื—, ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ืจื™ืจื™ื•ืช, ืกื—ืจื—ื•ืจืช ื•ืงื•ืฆืจ ื ืฉื™ืžื”.

ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื–ืœ:

โ€Œโ€Œโ€Œโ€Œ2. ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ D

ื—ืกืจ ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ Dย ย ื”ื•ื ืชื•ืคืขื” ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ืืฆืœ 60-70% ืžื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื ื‘ื“ืงื•. ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ื™ื— ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ ื•ื”ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ื”ืžืฆื•ืžืฆืžืช ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื–ืืช. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืกื•ืจืชื™, ืจืžื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ D ื ืงืฉืจื•ืช ืœืžื—ืœื” ื‘ืฉื ืจื›ื›ืช, ืฉื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ืžืขื•ืงืœื•ืช. ืจืžื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ D ื’ื ืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื›ืื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื•ืช (ืจื›ื›ืช ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื•ื›ืื‘ื™ ื’ื“ื™ืœื”), ืœืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ืœื”, ืœืคืกื•ืจื™ืื–ื™ืก ื•ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช.ย ย 

ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืฆื‘ืข ืขื•ืจ ื›ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ืกืจ ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ D, ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ื ืžื‘ืœื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืฉืžืฉ. ืžืœื ื™ืŸ, ื”ืฆื‘ืขืŸ (ืคื™ื’ืžื ื˜) ืฉืžืขื ื™ืง ืœืขื•ืจ ืฆื‘ืข ื›ื”ื”, ืžืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืจ "ืžืกื ืŸ ืงืจื™ื ื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™" ื”ื—ื•ืกื ืืช ืงืจื™ื ืช ื”ืขืœ-ืกื’ื•ืœ (ืงืจื™ื ืช UV), ืฉื ื“ืจืฉืช ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ D ื‘ืขื•ืจ.ย ย 

ื’ื ื”ืฉืžื ืช ื™ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืฉื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœืชื•ืคืขื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืคื•ืฆื”, ื”ื™ื ื’ื•ืจื ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื—ืกืจ ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ D.

ื—ืœื‘ ืื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืžืงื•ืจ ื’ืจื•ืข ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ D. ืื‘ืœ ื–ืืช ืจืง ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืžื ื™ืงื•ืช ื’ื ืกื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ืžื—ืกืจ ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ D. ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืžื ื™ืงื•ืช ื–ืงื•ืงื•ืช ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืœ-6,000 ื™ื—' ื‘ื™ื ืœ' ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ D ื‘ื™ื•ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื—ืœื‘ ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ืžืกืคืงืช. ื’ื ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื ื•ื˜ืœื•ืช ืชื•ืกืคืช ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ D ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ 2,000-5,000 ื™ื—' ื‘ื™ื ืœ' ื‘ื™ื•ื.

ืจื•ืคืื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืžืœื™ืฆื™ื ืœืชืช ืชื•ืกืคืช ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ D ืœืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœื—ื™ื™ื”ื. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืœืžื“ืขื™ื, ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื•ืจืคื•ืื” ืงื•ื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืชืช 600 ื™ื—' ื‘ื™ื ืœ' ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ D ื‘ื™ื•ื (ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-1,000 ื™ื—' ื‘ื™ื ืœ'). ืœืคื™ ื”ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื, ื”ืžื™ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื”ืžืจื‘ื™ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืชืœื•ื™ ื’ื™ืœ.ย ย 

  • ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฉื ื” ืขื“ 3 ืฉื ื™ื โ€“ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ 2,500 ื™ื—' ื‘ื™ื ืœ' ื‘ื™ื•ื
  • ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 4 ืขื“ 8 ืฉื ื™ื โ€“ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ 3,500 ื™ื—' ื‘ื™ื ืœ' ื‘ื™ื•ื
  • ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžื’ื™ืœ 9 ื•ืžืขืœื” โ€“ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ 4,000 ื™ื—' ื‘ื™ื ืœ' ื‘ื™ื•ืย ย 

ื”ืื’ื•ื“ื” ืœืื ื“ื•ืงืจื™ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืžืœื™ืฆื” ืขืœ ืžื™ื ื•ืŸ ืžืจื‘ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื, ืขื“ 2,000 ื™ื—' ื‘ื™ื ืœ' ื‘ื™ื•ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืคืขื•ื˜ื•ืช ืขื“ ื’ื™ืœ 12 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื. ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืขืœ ื’ื™ืœ ืฉื ื”, ื”ื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืขื ื”ืžื™ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ ื”ืžืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœ 4,000 ื™ื—' ื‘ื™ื ืœ'.ย ย 

ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืืœื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื™ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฆื• ืขื ืจื•ืคื ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื. ื™ืฉ ืชื•ืกืคื™ ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ D ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช, ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืžื™ ื•ื›ืžื•ืกื•ืช.ย ย 

3. ื™ื•ื“

ื™ื•ื“ย ย ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื ืจืง ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืœื•ื˜ืช ื”ืชืจื™ืก, ืืœื ื’ื ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืชืงื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ืžื•ื—. ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื—ืกืจ ื™ื•ื“ ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ื—ื•ืกืจื™ื ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืงืจืงืข ื“ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ื“. ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืฉื ืช 20044ย ย ืฉื ืขืจืš ื‘ืชื•ืจื›ื™ื” ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื—ืกืจ ื™ื•ื“ ื‘-46% ืžื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ.ย ย 

ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื“

ืื ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉืฉื™ื ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ืœื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื™ื•ื“ ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ืžืกืคืงืช ื‘ืชื–ื•ื ื”, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืกืฃ ื™ื•ื“. ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื“ ืฉืžื›ื™ืœื™ืย ย ืžื•ืœื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ื ื™ืย ย ืชืกืคื™ืง ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ืจื•ืคื ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ืžืžืœื™ืฅ ืขืœ ืžื™ื ื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ืžื™ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืžืœืฅ: ืœืคื™ ื”ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ื•ื™ืช.

4. ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ C

ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืฉื ืช 20045 ืืฆืœ 14% ืžื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•-10% ืžื”ื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื‘ื“ืงื• ื ืžืฆื ื—ืกืจ ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ C. ื–ื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ื’ื ื™ืœื“ื™ื โ€” ืืฆืœ 6% ืžื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœืื™ื 12 ืขื“ 17 ืฉื ื” ื ืžืฆืื• ืจืžื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœย ย ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ C. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืกืจ ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ C ื“ื™ืžื•ืžื™ื ืžื—ื ื™ื›ื™ื™ื, ื”ื•ืคืขืช ืฉื˜ืคื™ ื“ื ืœืื—ืจ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ืช ื•ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ืื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืคืฆืขื™ื, ื•ื’ื ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื—ืœืฉื•ืช. ื™ืฉ ืœื—ืกืจ ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ C ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื’ื“ืœื™ื. ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ C ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ืœื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื.

ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ C

  • ืืกืจื•ืœื” (ื“ื•ื‘ื“ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืจื‘ื“ื•ืก)
  • ืื‘ื•ืงื“ื•
  • ื’ื•ื™ืื‘ื”
  • ืคืคืื™ื”
  • ืžื ื’ื•
  • ืชืคื•ื–ื™ื
  • ืื ื ืก
  • ืžืœื•ืŸ
  • ืงื™ื•ื•ื™
  • ืชื•ืช ืฉื“ื”

ื™ืจืงื•ืช ืฉืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ C

  • ืคืœืคืœื™ื
  • ื›ืจื•ื‘ ืกื™ื ื™
  • ื‘ืจื•ืงื•ืœื™
  • ื›ืจื•ื‘
  • ืงื™ื™ืœ
  • ื›ืจื•ื‘ ื ื™ืฆื ื™ื
  • ืชืคื•ื— ืื“ืžื”

ืื ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื›ืžื•ืช ืžืกืคืงืช ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ C ืžื”ืชื–ื•ื ื”, ื™ืฉ ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืกืฃ. ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืชื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœย ย ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืžื™,ย ย ื•ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืชื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื›ืžื•ืกื•ืช ื•ืื‘ืงื”. ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืžื™ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืขื“ 250 ืž"ื’ ื‘ื™ื•ื. ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืขืœ ื’ื™ืœ 12 ืฉื ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืชืช ื‘ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืขื“ 500 ืž"ื’ ื‘ื™ื•ื.ย ย 

5. ืžื•ืœื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ

ืžื•ืœื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸย ย ืœื™ืœื“ื™ืย ย ื”ื•ื ื“ืจืš ื ื”ื“ืจืช ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ื ื™ื ื•ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื. ืžื•ืœื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ืกื™ื“ืŸ, ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืŸ, ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ A, ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ E, ืื‘ืฅ ื•ืขื•ื“. ื™ืฉ ืžื•ืœื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ื ื™ื ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื ื•ื–ืœ, ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืžื™ ืื• ื›ืžื•ืกื•ืช.

6. ืžืœื˜ื•ื ื™ืŸ

ืœื ืจืง ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื”. ื’ื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ ืžื ื“ื•ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื ื”. ืžื—ืงืจ ืื—ื“6ย ย ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื›ื™ ืขื“ 4% (ืื—ื“ ืžื›ืœ 25) ืžื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื”. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืชืจื•ืคืชื™ ื”ื•ื ืœื ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืื™ื“ืืœื™. ืืฆืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืจืฆื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืืคืฉืจ ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืžืจืฉื. ืื ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืงืฉื™ื™ ืฉื™ื ื”, ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ืœื—ืคืฉ ืืช ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ืช ืœืงืฉื™ื™ ืฉื™ื ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื™ืœืื™ื ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืจืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื—ืจื“ื”, ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ, ืืœืจื’ื™ื” ืื• ื“ื•ื ื ืฉื™ืžื” ื‘ืฉื™ื ื”. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื ืฉืงืœื• ื•ื ืฉืœืœื•, ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉย ย ื‘ืžืœื˜ื•ื ื™ืŸ, ื”ื•ืจืžื•ืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืฉืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื ืจืžืœ ืืช ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืขืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉื™ื ื”, ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ืŸ 1 ืขื“ 3 ืž"ื’. ื™ืฉ ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืžืœื˜ื•ื ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืš ืฉืขืชื™ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื™ื ื”. ื™ืฉ ืชื•ืกืคื™ ืžืœื˜ื•ื ื™ืŸ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื ื•ื–ืœ, ื˜ื‘ืœื™ื•ืช ืœืขื™ืกื” ืื• ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืžื™.ย ย 

โ€Œโ€Œโ€Œโ€Œ7. ื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ืฉื•ืžืŸ ืื•ืžื’ื”-3

ื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ืฉื•ืžืŸ ืื•ืžื’ื”-3ย ย ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืžื•ื— ื”ืžืชืคืชื— ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืขืชื™ืจื™ ื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ืฉื•ืžืŸ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ืžืกืคืงืช. ื–ื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ืœื”, ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืขื•ืจ ื•ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช.ย ย 

ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ืฉื•ืžืŸ ืื•ืžื’ื”-3:

ื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ืฉื•ืžืŸ ืื•ืžื’ื”-3 ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื:

  • ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืงืฉื‘ ื•ืจื™ื›ื•ื– โ€“ ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืฉื ืช 20167ย ย ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื›ื™ ื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ืฉื•ืžืŸ ืื•ืžื’ื”-3 ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืงืฉื‘ ื•ืจื™ื›ื•ื–.
  • ืืกืชืžื” (ืงืฆืจืช) โ€“ ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืฉื ืช 2016 ืฉืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืขืช Nutrition Research Reviews8ย ย ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืกืงื ื” ื›ื™ ืชื•ืกืคืช ืฉืœ ืฉืžืŸ ื“ื’ื™ื ืขื ื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ืฉื•ืžืŸ ืื•ืžื’ื”-3 ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื•ืขื™ืœ ืœื—ื•ืœื™ ืืกืชืžื”. ืžื—ืงืจ ืื—ืจ ืžืฉื ืช 2016 ืฉืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืขืช Cytokine9ย ย ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืกืงื ื” ื›ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ืฉื•ืžืŸ ืื•ืžื’ื”-3 ื ืจืื” ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื›ื’ื™ืฉื” ืžืฉืœื™ืžื” ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืกืชืžื”.

ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืชื•ืกืคื™ื ืขื ื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ืฉื•ืžืŸ ืื•ืžื’ื”-3 ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื ื•ื–ืœ, ื˜ื‘ืœื™ื•ืช ืœืขื™ืกื” ื•ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืžื™.ย ย 

โ€Œโ€Œโ€Œโ€Œ8. ืชื•ืกืคื™ื ืคืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื™ื

ืงืฉื” ืœื ื•ื•ื˜ ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœย ย ืชื•ืกืคื™ื ืคืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื™ื ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื. ื™ืฉ ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื•ื’ื™ ืชื•ืกืคื™ื ื•ื–ื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื’ื ืื ื”ื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื ื• ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื”ืคืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ืชืงื“ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ โ€” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ืชืคืจืกืžื• ื›ืžืขื˜ 20,000 ืžืืžืจื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื” โ€” ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืจืง ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ืกื’ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื. ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”, ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื, ื•ื›ื“ืื™ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืกืฃ ืคืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™.ย ย 

ืชื•ืกืคื™ื ืคืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื™ืœืื™ื ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืื”. ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืขื ื—ืกืจ ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ ืื• ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื ื’ื“ ืกืจื˜ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฅ ืขื ืจื•ืคื ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ืœืคื ื™ ืžืชืŸ ืชื•ืกืฃ ืคืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™.ย ย 

ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ื›ื™ ื‘ื’ื•ืคื ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ 40 ืœ-50 ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื, ืจื•ื‘ื ื‘ืžืขื™ื™ื. ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืกืคืจ ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืžื•ืขืจืš ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื“ื, ื›-30 ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ10. ื—ื“ื™ืจืช ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืœืžืขื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืœื™ื“ื”, ืื ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืœื™ื“ื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืื ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื™ื•ื ืง ื—ืœื‘ ืื, ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืžืขื•ืจ ื”ืื ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื• ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื•.ย ย 

ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืกืคื™ื ืคืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื™ื ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช:

  • ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ืงืœ ืขืœ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ ื›ืžื• ืขืฆื™ืจื•ืช, ื’ื–ื™ื ืื• ืจืคืœื•ืงืก ื—ื•ืžืฆื™
  • ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ืงืœ ืขืœ ื›ืื‘ื™ ื‘ื˜ืŸ ืืฆืœ ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืชย ย 
  • ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืชืกืžื•ื ืช ื”ืžืขื™ ื”ืจื’ื™ื–
  • ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืžื—ืœืช ืงืจื•ื”ืŸ ื•ื‘ื“ืœืงืช ื›ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขื™ ื”ื’ืก

ื”ืžื™ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ ืฉืœ ืชื•ืกืคื™ื ืคืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ืœืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ 5 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ CFU (ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืžื•ืฉื‘ื”). ื‘ื ื™ ื ื•ืขืจ ื•ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ืขื“ 100 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ CFU, ืคืขื ืื• ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื. ื™ืฉ ืชื•ืกืคื™ื ืคืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื›ืžื•ืกื•ืช, ื˜ื‘ืœื™ื•ืช ืœืขื™ืกื”, ืื‘ืงื” ืื• ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืžื™. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ืฉืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืชื•ืกืคื™ื ืคืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื™ื ืœืงื˜ื•ื‘ืฆื™ืœื•ืก, ื‘ื™ืคื™ื“ื•ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื”, ืกื›ืจื•ืžื™ืฆืก ืื• ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื.

ืชื•ืกืคื™ื ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืฆื˜ื ื ื•ืช ื•ืฉืคืขืช

ืื ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ื—ื•ืœื™ื, ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืชื•ืกืคื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื ื’ื“ ืฉื™ืขื•ืœ, ื”ืฆื˜ื ื ื•ืช ื•ืฉืคืขืช ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืš ื’ื ืœื”ืงืœ ืขืœ ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ ื”ืžื—ืœื”. ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืฉื ืช 201211ย ย ืžืžืœื™ืฅ ืขืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืฉื—ื” ืžื—ืžืžืช ื•ื‘ื“ื‘ืฉ ื›ื•ืกืžืช ืืฆืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื. ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืžืžืœื™ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉย ย ื‘ืชื•ืกืคื™ื ืคืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื™ื,ย ย ื‘ืื‘ืฅื’ื•ืคืจืชื™, ื•ื’ืย ย ื‘ืฉื˜ื™ืคืช ื”ืืฃ ื‘ืžื™ ืžืœื—.ย ย ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ื’ื ืชื•ืกืคื™ื ืขืย ย ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ C ื•ืขืย ย ืกืžื‘ื•ืงย ย .ย ย 

ืกื™ืžื•ื›ื™ืŸ:

  1. Accessed May 25, 2020 http://web1.sph.emory.edu/users/hpacho2/PartnershipsMaize/Bishai_2002.pdf
  2. Accessed May 24h, 2020 http://learnpediatrics.sites.olt.ubc.ca/files/2011/08/GI_-_Nutritional_Deficiencies.pdf
  3. World Health Organization. A guide for programmer managers. Geneva (Switzerland): World Health Organization; 2001. Iron deficiency anaemia assessment, prevention, and control.
  4. Gรผr E, Ercan O, Can G, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of iodine deficiency among schoolchildren. J Trop Pediatr. 2003;49(3):168โ€171. doi:10.1093/tropej/49.3.168
  5. Hampl JS, Taylor CA, Johnston CS. Vitamin C deficiency and depletion in the United States: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988 to 1994. Am J Public Health. 2004;94(5):870โ€875. doi:10.2105/ajph.94.5.870
  6. Meltzer LJ, Johnson C, Crosette J, Ramos M, Mindell JA. Prevalence of diagnosed sleep disorders in pediatric primary care practices. Pediatrics. 2010;125(6):e1410โ€e1418. doi:10.1542/peds.2009-2725
  7. Kรถnigs A, Kiliaan AJ. Critical appraisal of omega-3 fatty acids in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder treatment. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2016;12:1869-82. Published 2016 Jul 26. doi:10.2147/NDT.S68652
  8. Nutr Res Rev. 2016 Jun;29(1):1-16. doi: 10.1017/S0954422415000116. Epub 2016 Jan 26.
  9. Farjadian, Moghtaderi, Kalani, Gholami, & Hosseini Teshnizi. (2016). Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on serum levels of T-helper cytokines in children with asthma. Cytokine, 85, 61-66.
  10. http://www.microbiomeinstitute.org/blog/2016/1/20/how-many-bacterial-vs-human-cells-are-in-the-body
  11.  Fashner J, Ericson K, Werner S. Treatment of the common cold in children and adults. Am Fam Physician. 2012;86(2):153โ€159.

โ€‹ื›ืชื‘ ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ:โ€‹ ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื–ื” ืœื ื ื•ืขื“ ืœืื‘ื—ืŸ,,, โ€‹ื”ืฆื’ ืขื•ื“