ื”ืขื“ืคืชื›ื ืขื•ื“ื›ื ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ื–ื”. ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืœืฆืžื™ืชื•ืช, ืขื‘ืจื• ืืœ
ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื›ื, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขื“ื›ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื• ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืžื•ืขื“ืคื•ืช ืขืœื™ื›ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืช ื‘
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžื’ืœื™ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืžืฉืคืจื™ื ืืช ืชืคืงื•ื“ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ, ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชืžืงื“ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ. ืœืงื˜ื•ืคืจื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืžืจืชืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•. ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืงื•ืœื•ืกื˜ืจื•ื,  ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื.

ืœืงื˜ื•ืคืจื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœืžืชืŸ ื”ื–ื ื” ื•ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืžืคื ื™ ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื, ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื ื•ื’ื“ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืฉืœื• ื•ื”ืฉืคืขืชื• ืœื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ. ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืกื™ื ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืืช ืœืงื˜ื•ืคืจื™ืŸ ืžื—ืœื‘ ืคืจื” ื•ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžืžื ื• ืชื•ืกืฃ ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืœืงื˜ื•ืคืจื™ืŸ ืžืคืจื•ืช. 

ืชื•ืกืคื™ ืชื–ื•ื ื” ืขื ืื‘ืงืช ืงื•ืœื•ืกื˜ืจื•ื ืžืคืจื•ืช ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืœืงื˜ื•ืคืจื™ืŸ ืžืคืจื•ืช. ืื‘ืœ ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื”ืœืงื˜ื•ืคืจื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืžืฉืชื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ 0.5% ืœ-20%. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืชื•ืกืคื™ ืงื•ืœื•ืกื˜ืจื•ื ืžืคืจื•ืช ืขื ืชื›ื•ืœืช ืœืงื˜ื•ืคืจื™ืŸ ืžืชื•ืงื ื ืช ืฉืœ 20%, ืœืฆื“ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ, ื›ืžื• ืื™ืžื•ื ื•ื’ืœื•ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื G1 ื•-G2 (ืื• IgG1, IgG2) ื•ืคืคื˜ื™ื“ื™ื ืขืชื™ืจื™ ืคืจื•ืœื™ืŸ (PRP). ืงื•ืœื•ืกื˜ืจื•ื ืžืคืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื—ื•ื ื ืžื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžืจ ืืช ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืžื•ื ื•ื’ืœื•ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืœืงื˜ื•ืคืจื™ืŸ. 

ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื ืขืจื›ื• ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ืœื•ืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืฉืœ ืœืงื˜ื•ืคืจื™ืŸ ืžืคืจื•ืช. ื”ืžืืžืจ ื”ื–ื” ื™ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืœืงื˜ื•ืคืจื™ืŸ ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื•ืœื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ.2 

ืžื”ื• ืœืงื˜ื•ืคืจื™ืŸ?

ืœืงื˜ื•ืคืจื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืžื—ืœื‘ (ืœืงื˜ื•ื–) ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืจื–ืœ (ืžื›ืืŸ ื”ืกื™ื•ืžืช "ืคืจื™ืŸ", ืžื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช "Ferrum" ืฉืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ื‘ืจื–ืœ). ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœืœืงื˜ื•ืคืจื™ืŸ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ืกืคื™ื’ืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื‘ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช. ืื‘ืœ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืฉื ืขืจื›ื• ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืจืื• ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžื•ื•ืกืช ืกืคื™ื’ืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ. 

ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ืจืžื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ืœืงื˜ื•ืคืจื™ืŸ ื™ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืกืคื™ื’ืช ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื™ืขืœื” ืืช ืจืžืช ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ. ื•ืื ืจืžืช ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”, ืื• ืื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืื• ื“ืœืงืช, ืœืงื˜ื•ืคืจื™ืŸ ืกื•ืคื— ื‘ืจื–ืœ. ื‘ืจื–ืœ ืžื‘ืขื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืืฉ ืฉืœ ื“ืœืงืช ืื• ื–ื™ื”ื•ื. ื‘ืจื–ืœ ืžืขื•ื“ื“ ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืžื–ื”ืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื. ื•ื‘ื“ืœืงืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ื ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืจืงืžื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ. ืœืงื˜ื•ืคืจื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื•ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืžื ื• ืœื”ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื“ืœืงืช ื•ื–ื™ื”ื•ื. 

ืžื” ืœืงื˜ื•ืคืจื™ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื”? 

ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืจืื• ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœืœืงื˜ื•ืคืจื™ืŸ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœื‘ืจื–ืœ. ืœื”ืœืŸ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืœืงื˜ื•ืคืจื™ืŸ (ื”ืŸ ืœืงื˜ื•ืคืจื™ืŸ ืฉืžื™ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื•ื”ืŸ ืœืงื˜ื•ืคืจื™ืŸ ืฉื ืœืงื— ื›ืชื•ืกืฃ ืชื–ื•ื ื”):2

  • ื•ื™ืกื•ืช ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ื‘ืจื–ืœ
  • ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ
  • ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื ื•ื’ื“ืช ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื, ื ื•ื’ื“ืช ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื ื•ื’ื“ืช ื ื’ื™ืคื™ื
  • ืงื™ื“ื•ื ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื‘ืžืขื™
  • ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื ื•ื’ื“ืช ื—ืžืฆื•ืŸ

ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื’ื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื ืฉืขื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื˜ื•ืคืจื™ืŸ ืžืคืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื• ืœืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ืœืงื˜ื•ืคืจื™ืฆื™ื ื™ื. ื”ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื•ืฆืžืชื™ื•ืช ืžืืฉืจ ืœืงื˜ื•ืคืจื™ืŸ ืื ื•ืฉื™.3

ืกื’ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืœืงื˜ื•ืคืจื™ืŸ ืœืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ

ืœืงื˜ื•ืคืจื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืคืจื“ ืžืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืœื“ืช.1 ื”ื•ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ืงื• ื”ื’ื ื” ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžืคื ื™ ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื•ื“ืœืงืช. ื•ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืžืคื ื™ ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ. ืœืงื˜ื•ืคืจื™ืŸ ืžื™ื•ืฆืจ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืชืื™ ืจื™ืจื™ืช ื”ืžืขื™ ื•ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื”ืคืจืฉื•ืช ืจื™ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื” ื•ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ ื•ืฉืœ ื”ื ืจืชื™ืง, ื•ื’ื ื‘ื“ืžืขื•ืช. ืœืงื˜ื•ืคืจื™ืŸ ืžื•ืคืจืฉ ื’ื ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืชืื™ ื“ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื ืžืชืžื—ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืคืขืœืชื ื‘ืžื•ืงื“ื™ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื. 

ืื—ื“ ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืœืงื˜ื•ืคืจื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ, ืœืฆื“ ืกื’ื•ืœื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคื—ืชืช ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื“ืœืงืชื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืคืจื–ืช ืฉืžืชืคืชื—ืช ื‘ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื ื’ื™ืคื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื (ืžื” ืฉืžื›ื•ื ื” "ืกืขืจืช ื”ืฆื™ื˜ื•ืงื™ื ื™ื" ืฉื ื’ืจืžืช ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคืขืœื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืจื•ืกื ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ). ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื (ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืœื“ื•ืช, ื›ื‘ืฉื™ื, ื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื, ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื ื•ืื—ืจื™ื) ื•ื’ื ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื’ื™ืœื• ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœืœืงื˜ื•ืคืจื™ืŸ ืžืคืจื•ืช ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื•ื™ืกื•ืช ื•ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืŸ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ. ื‘ืคืจื˜, ืœืงื˜ื•ืคืจื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืชืื™ ื”ื“ื ื”ืœื‘ื ื™ื, ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืฉื "ืชืื™ ื”ืจื’ืœ ื˜ื‘ืขื™", ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ื ื’ื™ืคื™ื ื•ืžื™ืงืจื•ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื”. ืœืงื˜ื•ืคืจื™ืŸ ื’ื ืžื—ื–ืง ืืช ื”ืžืชื•ื•ื›ื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ืคืขืœื” ื•ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ื“ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื.1,2,4,5 

ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืื—ื“ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื”ืขืจื™ื›ื• ืžืชืŸ ืคื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืœืงื˜ื•ืคืจื™ืŸ ืžืคืจื•ืช ืœืขื•ืžืช ืคืœืฆื‘ื• ื‘ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ื ื™ืชื•ื—.6 ื”ื ื‘ื“ืงื™ื ืฉื ื˜ืœื• ืœืงื˜ื•ืคืจื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื’ื™ืžื• ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ (ืœืžืฉืœ, ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืฆืžื™ื—ืช ืชืื™ ื“ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื, ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื™ืชื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื•ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช ืชืื™ ื”ื“ื ื”ืœื‘ื ื™ื). ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืžืžืฆื ื”ืžืœื”ื™ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืฆื’ื• ื—ืฉืคื• ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ื”ื™ืขื ื•ืช ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช ืืฆืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืœืงื˜ื•ืคืจื™ืŸ. ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื’ื•ืจืกืช ื›ื™ ืœืงื˜ื•ืคืจื™ืŸ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ื”ืฉื›ื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื ื™ืชื•ื—.

ืœืงื˜ื•ืคืจื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืชื›ืฉื™ืจ ืื ื˜ื™-ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ืืœื™

ื™ืฉ ืœืœืงื˜ื•ืคืจื™ืŸ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืื ื˜ื™-ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ืืœื™ืช ื ื’ื“ ื ื’ื™ืคื™ื, ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ื–ื•ืื”, ืฉืžืจื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช. ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืชื’ืœื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืœืงื˜ื•ืคืจื™ืŸ ืžื•ื ืข ื”ื™ืฆืžื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ืงืจื•ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช (ืคืชื•ื’ื ื™ื), ื›ื•ืœืœ ื ื’ื™ืคื™ื, ืœืชืื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื, ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ื™ืกื•ืœ ืื•ืชื ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื.

ืœืงื˜ื•ืคืจื™ืŸ ืžื“ื’ื™ื ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžืจืฉื™ืžื” ื ื’ื“ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ื ื’ื™ืคื™ื. ื–ื”ื• ื‘ืืžืช ื’ื•ืจื ืžื’ืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืžืคื ื™ ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื ื’ื™ืคื™ื™ื. ืœืงื˜ื•ืคืจื™ืŸ ืžืขื›ื‘ ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ื ื’ื™ืคื™ื ืœืชืื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืกื™ืžืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืœื”ื™ืงืฉืจ ืœืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ื ืชืื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืชืื™ ื”ืžืืจื—. ืœืงื˜ื•ืคืจื™ืŸ ื’ื ืžืขื›ื‘ ืฉื›ืคื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื ื’ื™ืคื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื ื’ื™ืฃ ื”ื“ื‘ื™ืง ืืช ื”ืชื. ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ื–ื• ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื ื’ื™ืคื™.

ืœืงื˜ื•ืคืจื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืžืงื“ื ืจื‘-ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืฉืœ ืฆืžื™ื—ืช ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื (ืคืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื™ื). ื‘ืžื ื™ืขืช ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื ืชื•ืš ืงื™ื“ื•ื ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ ื‘ื™ืคื™ื“ื•ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื” ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ืœืงื˜ื•ืคืจื™ืŸ ืžืกื™ื™ืข ืœืคืชื— ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ื‘ืจื™ื. 

ืžืกืคืจ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืจืื• ื›ื™ ื ื˜ื™ืœืช ืชื•ืกืฃ ืœืงื˜ื•ืคืจื™ืŸ ืžืคืจื•ืช ื’ื ืžืกื™ื™ืขืช ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืฆืžื™ื—ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืง ื”ืœื™ืงื•ื‘ืงื˜ืจ ืคื™ืœื•ืจื™ ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื”. ืฆืžื™ื—ืช ื™ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ืงื•ื‘ืงื˜ืจ ืคื™ืœื•ืจื™ ื‘ืจื™ืจื™ืช ื”ืงื™ื‘ื” ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื’ื™ืจื•ื™ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื” ื•ืœื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ. ื›ืš, ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืื—ื“ 151 ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืขื ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื”ืœื™ืงื•ื‘ืงื˜ืจ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ, ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืฉื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ ื•ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืชืจื•ืคื” ืฉืžืขื›ื‘ืช ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื•ืžืฆื” ื•ืฉืชื™ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช, ืœื‘ื“ื• ืื• ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืœืงื˜ื•ืคืจื™ืŸ. ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื”ืœื™ืงื•ื‘ืงื˜ืจ ืคื™ืœื•ืจื™ ื‘ื•ืฆืขื” ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื˜ื™ืœืช ื”ืชื•ืกืฃ ื•ื”ืขื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื—ื™ืกื•ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืง ืฉืœ 95.9% ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืœืงื˜ื•ืคืจื™ืŸ. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื—ื™ืกื•ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืง ื”ื™ื” ืจืง 72.5%.7

ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื” 400 ื ื‘ื“ืงื™ื ืขื ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื”ืœื™ืงื•ื‘ืงื˜ืจ ืคื™ืœื•ืจื™ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœืงื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืงืจืื™ ืœืืจื‘ืข ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ืช: (ื) ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ ืœืžืฉืš ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื; (ื‘) ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ ืœืฆื“ ืชืจื•ืคื” ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช (ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืžืฉื›ื™) ืœืžืฉืš ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื; (ื’) ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืช ืœืงื˜ื•ืคืจื™ืŸ ืžืคืจื•ืช ืœืžืฉืš ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื; (ื“) ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืช ืœืงื˜ื•ืคืจื™ืŸ ืžืคืจื•ืช ืœืžืฉืš ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื. ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื—ื™ืกื•ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืง ื”ื™ื” 70.3%, 82.8%, 85.6% ื•-94.5%, ื‘ื”ืชืืžื”. ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืช ืœืงื˜ื•ืคืจื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืžื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ ืœื‘ื“ื• (85.6% ืžื•ืœ 70.3%). ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืช ืœืงื˜ื•ืคืจื™ืŸ ืžื•ืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ ืœื‘ื“ื• (94.5% ืžื•ืœ 82.8%).8 

ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืงืœื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืœืงื˜ื•ืคืจื™ืŸ ืžืคืจื•ืช ืžื—ื–ืง ืืช ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ ืื• ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ ืœื—ื™ืกื•ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืง ื”ืœื™ืงื•ื‘ืงื˜ืจ ืคื™ืœื•ืจื™.

ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืœืงื˜ื•ืคืจื™ืŸ ืžืคืจื•ืช ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช

ื ืขืจื›ื• ืืจื‘ืขื” ืขืฉืจ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืงืจื™ื ืฉื”ืขืจื™ื›ื• ืืช ื”ืฉืคืขืช ืœืงื˜ื•ืคืจื™ืŸ ืžืคืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื”. ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื ืขืจื›ื” ืžื˜ื-ืื ืœื™ื–ื” ืฉื ื™ืชื—ื” ืชืฉืขื” ืžืื•ืชื ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคืขืช ืœืงื˜ื•ืคืจื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื”.9 ืชืฉืขืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื ื”ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืงื™ื™ืžื™ื.10-18

ื”ืžื˜ื-ืื ืœื™ื–ื” ื’ื™ืœืชื” ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืขืœืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœืคืชื— ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื” ืชื—ืช ืœืงื˜ื•ืคืจื™ืŸ ืžืคืจื•ืช, ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช. ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืกืชื›ืžื” ื‘-43%. ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื›ืš, ื’ื ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืขื• ืขืœ ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ ื”ืฆื˜ื ื ื•ืช ื•ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื” ื•ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื.

ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืœืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืžื•ืขืฉืจ ื‘ืœืงื˜ื•ืคืจื™ืŸ ืžืคืจื•ืช. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืžื—ืงืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉื ืขืจืš ื‘ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 12-32 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืจืื” ื›ื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืžื•ืขืฉืจ ื‘ืœืงื˜ื•ืคืจื™ืŸ (ืขื 48 ืž"ื’ ืœืงื˜ื•ืคืจื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ื) ื‘ืžืฉืš 13 ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ื ืฉื™ืžืชื™ื™ื ื•ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ. ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœ ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ื ืฉื™ืžืชื™ื™ื ื—ืจื™ืคื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืœืงื˜ื•ืคืจื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื ืžื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืœืขื•ืžืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืคืœืฆื‘ื• (9.0 ืœืขื•ืžืช 15.0 ื™ืžื™ื).11

ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืืฃ ืžืงื™ืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชืŸ ืชื•ืกืฃ ืœืงื˜ื•ืคืจื™ืŸ (850 ืž"ื’/ืœ') ืœ-26 ืคืขื•ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื•ืช, ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ 66% ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื” ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœ-26 ืคืขื•ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืจื’ื™ืœ.15

ืชื•ืกืฃ ืขื ืœืงื˜ื•ืคืจื™ืŸ ืžืคืจื•ืช ื”ื•ืขื™ืœ ื’ื ืœืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืงืจื™ื. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉื ืขืจืš ื‘ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” 90 ื ื‘ื“ืงื™ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืœืงื˜ื•ืคืจื™ืŸ ืžืคืจื•ืช ืื• ืคืœืฆื‘ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš 90 ื™ื•ื. ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœ ืžืงืจื™ ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืชื•ืขื“ื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš 90 ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืœืงื˜ื•ืคืจื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” 48, ืœืขื•ืžืช 112 ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืคืœืฆื‘ื•. ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ 58% ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื” ืขื ืชื•ืกืฃ ืœืงื˜ื•ืคืจื™ืŸ ืžืคืจื•ืช. ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœ ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื• ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืืฉืจ ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืœืงื˜ื•ืคืจื™ืŸ ืžืคืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ื ืžื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืžื–ื” ืฉืขืœื™ื• ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื• ื”ื ื‘ื“ืงื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืคืœืฆื‘ื•.16

ืžื™ื ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืฉืœ ืœืงื˜ื•ืคืจื™ืŸ

ื”ืžื™ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœืงื˜ื•ืคืจื™ืŸืžืฉืชื ื” ืžื™ืฆืจืŸ ืœื™ืฆืจืŸ ื•ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ ื•ื‘ื”ืชื•ื•ื™ื•ืช. ืžื™ื ื•ื ื™ื ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ืช, ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ; ืžื™ื ื•ื ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื™ื ืœืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ื•ืœืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื. ืœืกืคื™ื’ื” ืžื™ื˜ื‘ื™ืช ื™ืฉ ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืœืงื˜ื•ืคืจื™ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ืื•ื›ืœ ืื• ืขืœ ื‘ื˜ืŸ ืจื™ืงื”. 

ืžื•ืžื—ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ืงื•ืœื•ืกื˜ืจื•ื ืžืคืจื•ืช ื›ืžืงื•ืจ ืœืงื˜ื•ืคืจื™ืŸ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืœืงื˜ื•ืคืจื™ืŸ ืžื–ื•ืงืง, ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื™ืœ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืื™ืžื•ื ื•ื’ืœื•ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื ื•ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืขืชื™ืจื™ ืคืจื•ืœื™ืŸ. ืื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืœื•ืกื˜ืจื•ื ืžืคืจื•ืช, ื‘ื“ืงื• ืืช ืชื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืœืงื˜ื•ืคืจื™ืŸ ืฉืœื• ื•ื”ืชืื™ืžื• ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืชืื. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืงื•ืœื•ืกื˜ืจื•ื ืžืคืจื•ืช ืขื 20% ืœืงื˜ื•ืคืจื™ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืชืื™ื ื”ื•ื 500 ืขื“ 1,000 ืž"ื’ ืฉืœ ืงื•ืœื•ืกื˜ืจื•ื ืžืคืจื•ืช ืคืขื ืื—ืช ืขื“ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื. 

ืฉืืœื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืœืงื˜ื•ืคืจื™ืŸ

ื”ืื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืื• ืืœืจื’ื™ื” ืœื—ืœื‘ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ืœืงื˜ื•ืคืจื™ืŸ?

ื–ื” ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืœืงื˜ื•ืคืจื™ืŸ. ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื•ืฆืจ ืœืงื˜ื•ืคืจื™ืŸ ืขื ื“ืจื’ืช ื–ื™ืงื•ืง ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื‘ืขืœื™ ืื™-ืกื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืœืœืงื˜ื•ื– ืื• ืืœืจื’ื™ื” ืœื—ืœื‘ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื‘ื˜ื—ื”. ืื ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืงื•ืœื•ืกื˜ืจื•ื, ืืกื•ืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืื• ืืœืจื’ื™ื” ืœื—ืœื‘ ืœืงื—ืช ืื•ืชื•.

ื”ืื ืœืงื˜ื•ืคืจื™ืŸ ืžื›ื™ืœ ื‘ืจื–ืœ?

ืฉื•ื‘, ื–ื” ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืœืงื˜ื•ืคืจื™ืŸ. ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ืœืงื˜ื•ืคืจื™ืŸ ืขื ื“ืจื’ืช ื–ื™ืงื•ืง ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ืื™ื ื ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืžื‘ืจื–ืœ (ืคื—ื•ืช ืž-180 ืžืง"ื’ ืœื’ืจื). ืฆื•ืจืช ืœืงื˜ื•ืคืจื™ืŸ ื–ื• ืžื›ื•ื ื” "ืืคึผื•ึน-ืœืงื˜ื•ืคืจื™ืŸ", ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ืœื ืžื›ื™ืœื” ื‘ืจื–ืœ. ืงื•ืœื•ืกื˜ืจื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ื›ืžื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื–ืœ, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืžืงื•ืจ ื‘ืจื–ืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™. 

ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืงื—ืช ืœืงื˜ื•ืคืจื™ืŸ ืžืคืจื•ืช ื›ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื?

ื ื˜ื™ืœืช ืชื•ืกืฃ ืขื ืœืงื˜ื•ืคืจื™ืŸ ืžืคืจื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ ื”ื’ื ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื ื›ืฆืขื“ ืžื ื™ืขืชื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืžืื•ืชื’ืจืช. ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืงื•ืœื•ืกื˜ืจื•ื ืžืคืจื•ืช.

ืกื™ืžื•ื›ื™ืŸ:

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